El turismo como sistema social: contrapuntos teóricos entre Talcott Parsons y Niklas Luhmann
Resumen
El turismo, más allá de su dimensión económica, representa un fenómeno social complejo que requiere abordajes analíticos integrales. En este contexto, el presente estudio contrasta dos perspectivas sociológicas relevantes para comprender la dinámica turística contemporánea: la teoría funcionalista de Talcott Parsons y la teoría sistémica autopoiética de Niklas Luhmann. Mediante una aproximación metodológica cualitativa basada en un panel consultivo de expertos internacionales y una revisión sistemática y multimodal de literatura especializada, el trabajo identifica tanto las convergencias como las divergencias entre ambos enfoques teóricos. Parsons conceptualiza el turismo como un subsistema con funciones específicas orientadas hacia la estabilidad social, mientras que Luhmann enfatiza la autonomía operativa y la lógica comunicativa que lo diferencia de otros sistemas sociales. Aunque ambas perspectivas ofrecen herramientas valiosas, también presentan limitaciones en términos de interpretación del cambio disruptivo y aplicabilidad práctica. Se concluye que la integración complementaria de ambos marcos teóricos ofrece un análisis más completo y sofisticado del turismo, abriendo además oportunidades para futuras investigaciones que exploren la interacción entre estructuras sociales, comunicación turística y políticas públicas en escenarios de transformación global aceleradaPalabras clave:
turismo , sistemas sociales , funcionalismo , autopoiesis , comunicaciónCitas
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